❖Communication practices: Principle 1 Listen: •Try to focus on the speaker‘s words, rather than formulating your response to those words. •Ask for clarification if something is unclear, but avoid constant interruptions. •Never become contentious in your words or actions (e.g., rolling your eyes or shaking your head) as a person is talking. Principle 2 Prepare before you communicate: •Spend the time to understand the problem before you meet with others. If necessary, perform some research to understand business domain. •If you have responsibility for conducting a meeting, prepare an agenda in advance of the meeting. Principle 3 someone should facilitate the activity: •Every communication meeting should have a leader (a facilitator) 1)To keep the conversation moving in a productive direction, 2)To mediate any conflict that does occur, and 3)To ensure that other principles are followed. Principle 4 Face-to-face communication is best: •It usually works better when some other represen...
What is Software Engineering , Basics of Software Engineering
* Basics of Software Engineering
Software is a set of instructions used to acquire inputs and ti manipu late them to produce the desired output in terms of functions and the performance as determined by the user of the software.
Software includes:
1. Instructions (computer programs) that when executed provide desired features, function,and performance;
2. Data structures that enable the programs to adequately manipulate information, and
3. Descriptive information (documents) in both hard copy and virtual forms that describes the operation and use of the programs
. Characteristics of software
1. Software is developed or engineered; it is not manufactured in the classical sense.
Even though there are some similarities found in software development and hardware manufacturing, both the activities are considered as fundamentally different.
In both of the activities, good design is base for high quality, but in the process of manufacturing there may be quality problems in hardware which may not present in case of software.
In both of the activities there is prominent dependency on people but there is vast difference in the relationship between people and work accomplished.
The main aim of both the activities is construction of a “product,” but the perspectives are not same.
2. Software doesn’t “wear out.”
• In case of hardware, the failure rates are high as compared to software early in its life. Such failures are mainly concerned with design or manufacturing defects. It is possible to correct the defects and drop the failure rate to a steady-state level for some time period.
• However after some time period, there is again increase in the failure rate as there are cumulative effects of dust, vibration, mishandling, tremendous high or low temperature, and number of other environmental maladies on components of hardware. In simple words, the hardware begins to wear out.
• Software does not have any risks of such environmental maladies which lead to wear out of hardware
3. Custom built software
• Component re-usability is an important aspect in software industry.
• It is responsibility of software engineer to design and implement a software component in such a way that it should be reused easily in many different programs.
. Latest reusable components summarize both data as well as the processing which is applied to the data, which helps the software engineer to develop new applications from existing components.
• For example, reusable components are used in the development of modern interactive user interfaces that enable the generation of graphics windows, pull-down menus, as well as wide wide range of interaction mechanisms.
4. Efficiency
• Software is said to be efficient if it uses the available resources in the most efficient manner and produce desired result in timely manner.
5. Maintainability
If customer requirements changes, programmers need to modify the software to fulfill those requirements. Software engineering provides the ability to maintain the software through modifying the software rather than changing whole product like hardware.
6. Dependability
• Dependability is the ability of the software that provides services which can be trusted by users.
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